Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5588 No. 1: 13 Feb. 2025
Type: Article
Published: 2025-02-13
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5588.1.1
Page range: 1-48
Abstract views: 207
PDF downloaded: 13

Taxonomic revision of the Tabanus nebulosus species group (Diptera: Tabanidae)

Departamento de Biologia; Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras; Universidade de São Paulo; Avenida Bandeirantes; 3900; Ribeirão Preto; São Paulo; Brazil
Departamento de Biologia; Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras; Universidade de São Paulo; Avenida Bandeirantes; 3900; Ribeirão Preto; São Paulo; Brazil
Departamento de Biologia; Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras; Universidade de São Paulo; Avenida Bandeirantes; 3900; Ribeirão Preto; São Paulo; Brazil
Diptera Horse flies Neotropical New taxon Taxonomy

Abstract

The genus Tabanus Linnaeus, 1758 is the most species-rich in the family Tabanidae (Diptera: Brachycera), with about 1,350 valid species. Evidence suggests that the genus is not monophyletic, i.e., there are some smaller clades also with generic rank that phylogenetically fit inside Tabanus. To deal with the complexity of the genus, previous research divided the Neotropical Tabanus fauna into nine groups of species based on morphological similarity. The T. nebulosus group has a considerably uniform morphology among its twelve species and there is evidence that it corresponds to a small clade within the genus. There are records of economic importance of the species of the group. Some species are potential vectors of bovine trypanosomiasis, which causes severe anemia and weight loss in cattle. There are pending issues in the taxonomy of this group, both in terms of a better understanding of the species composition and of species delimitation. This paper corresponds to a taxonomical review of the species related to T. nebulosus. Here we provide a diagnosis of the known species of the group, a pictorial key with high-definition images, and updated distribution maps for the valid species. Also, considering the limits of each species based on a careful morphological assessment of the group, the status of Tabanus ornativenris Kröber is evaluated and Tabanus vestigium sp. nov. is described from the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

 

References

  1. Aldrich, J.M. (1905) A catalogue of North American Diptera (or two-winged flies). Smithsonian Institution Publication 1444. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections Vol. 46. No. 2. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C, 680 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1681
  2. Amorim, D.S. (2009) Neotropical Diptera diversity: richness, patterns, and perspectives. In: Pape, R., Bickel, D. & Meier, R. (Eds.), Diptera Diversity: Status, Challenges and Tools. Brill Academic Publishers, London, pp. 69–95. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004148970.I-459.17
  3. Amorim, D.S. & Pires, M.R.S. (1996) Neotropical biogeography and a method for maximum biodiversity estimation. In: Bicudo, C.E.M. & Menezes, N.A (Eds.), Biodiversity in Brazil: A First approach. CNPq, São Paulo, pp. 183–219.
  4. Amorim, D.S. & Santos, C.M.D. (2018) Flies, endemicity, and the Atlantic Forest: a biogeographical study using topographic units of analysis. Australian Systematic Botany, 30 (6), 439–469. https://doi.org/10.1071/SB16057
  5. Barretto, M.P. (1957) Tabânidas da guiana inglêsa, com as descrições de seis novas espécies da fauna guiano-amazônica (Diptera, Tabanidae). Revista brasileira de malariologia e doenças tropicais, 8 (l), 75–89. [1956]
  6. Barros, A.T.M., Foil, L.D. & Vazquez, Sa de S. (2003) Mutucas (Diptera: Tabanidae) do Pantanal: abundância relativa e sazonalidade na sub-região da Nhecolândia. Boletim de Pesquisa e Desevolvimento da Embrapa, 48, 1–18.
  7. Barros, A.T.M. & Foil, L.D. (2007) The influence of distance on movement of tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) between horses. Veterinary parasitology, 144 (3–4), 380–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.041
  8. Benchimol, J.L. & Sá, M.R. (2005) Adolpho Lutz: obra completa. Vol. 2. Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, 704 pp.
  9. Bequaert, J. (1926) Medical report of the Hamilton Rice Seventh Expedition to the Amazon, in conjunction with the Department of Tropical Medicine of Harvard University, 1924–1925. Part II. Medical and economic entomology, Contributions from the Harvard Institute for Tropical Biology and Medicine, 4, 155–257. [9 figs., pls. 61–67, Tabanidae, pp. 214–235]
  10. Bequaert, J. (1940) The Tabanidae of the Antilles. Revista entomologica do Rio de Janeiro, 11 (1–2), 253–369.
  11. Bequaert, J. & Renjifo-Salcedo, S. (1946) The Tabanidae of Colombia (Diptera). Psyche, 53 (3–4), 52–86. https://doi.org/10.1155/1946/40437
  12. Bier, Y.M. & Rafael, J.A. (2023) A remarkable long-antennate new species of Lamprempis Wheeler & Melander (Diptera, Empididae, Empidinae) from the Brazilian Amazon. Acta Amazonica, 53, 310–315. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392202301183
  13. Bigot, J.M.F. (1892) Descriptions de diptères nouveaux. Tabanidi. Mémoires de la Société zoologique de France, 5, 602–692.
  14. Blanchard, E. (1852) Orden IX. Dipteros. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia fisica y política de Chile. Zoologia 7. Chile, en el Museo de historia natural de Santiago, En casa del autor, Paris, pp. 327–468. [Tabanidae, pp. 386–397, 2 pls.]
  15. Brèthes, J. (1907) Brèthes, J., 1907. Catálogo de los dípteros de las repúblicas del Plata. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos, 16, 277–305. [Tabanidae, pp. 284–285]
  16. Buestán, J, Navarrete, R & Mejia, M. (2007) Lista actualizada de tábanos. Revista ecuatoriana de higiene y medicina tropical, 44 (1), 23–78.
  17. Burger, J.F. (2009) Tabanidae (Horse flies, Deer Flies, Tabanos). In: Brown, B.V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J.F., Wood, D.D., Woodley, N.E. & Zumbado, M.A. (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera. Vol. I. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 495–507.
  18. Cambra, R.A. (2006) Tabanidae (Diptera) del Parque Nacional Darién, y su diversidad en la República de Panamá. Scientia, 21 (1), 113–126.
  19. Cárdenas, R.E., Buestán J. & Dangles, O. (2009) Diversity and distribution models of horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) from Ecuador. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, New Series, 45 (4), 511–528, 31 pp. (appendix). https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2009.10697633
  20. Carmo, D.D.D. (2019) Tabanus Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera:Tabanidae): Análise filogenética com ênfase nas espécies neotropicais. INPA, Manaus, 216 pp.
  21. Carrasco, F. (1972) Tábanos del peru. Revista Peruana de Entomología, 15 (2), 317–323.
  22. Chainey, J.E. (1990) Tabanidae. In: Townsend, B.C., Chainey, J.E. Crosskey, R.W., Pont, A.C., Lane, R.P., Boorman, J.P.T. & Lowry, C.A. (Eds.), A Catalogue of the types of bloodsucking flies in the British Museum (Natural History). Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology, London, 7, pp. 240–319.
  23. Changbunjong, T., Bhusri, B., Sedwisai, P., Weluwanarak, T., Nitiyamatawat, E., Chareonviriyaphap, T. & Ruangsittichai, J. (2018) Species identification of horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Thailand using DNA barcoding. Veterinary parasitology, 259, 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.07.002
  24. Chvála, M., Lyneborg, L. & Moucha, J. (1972) The Horse Flies of Europe. Entomological Society of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 498 pp.
  25. Contreras-Lichtenberg, R. On the history of the Diptera-collection at the Museum of Natural History in Vienna. Annales Zoologici, 52 (2), 195–200.
  26. Coscarón, S. (1967) Elenco sistemático de Tabanidae de Argentina. Segundas Jornadas Entoepidemiológicas argentinas, 1, 105–131. [1965]
  27. Coscarón, S. (1979) Notas sobre tabánidos argentinos XV. El género Tabanus Linnaeus. Obra Centenaria del Museo de la Plata, 6, 251–278.
  28. Coscarón, S., Mancebo, O.A. & Coscarón-Arias, C.L. (1998) The Preimaginal Stages of Cryptotylus unicolor (Wiedemann) and Tabanus nebulosus ornativentris Kröber (Tabanidae-Diptera-Insecta). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 93, 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761998000100016
  29. Coscarón, S. & Martínez, M. (2019) Checklist of Tabanidae (Insecta: Diptera) from Uruguay. Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 78 (1), 40–46. https://doi.org/10.25085/rsea.780105
  30. Coscarón, S. & Papavero, N. (2009a) Manual of Neotropical Diptera. Tabanidae. Neotropical Diptera, 6, 1–137.
  31. Coscarón, S. & Papavero, N. (2009b) Catalogue of Neotropical Diptera. Tabanidae. Neotropical Diptera, 16, 1–199.
  32. Coscarón, S. & Papavero, N. (2014) Key to the known immature stages of Neotropical Tabanidae. Neotropical Diptera, 24, 1–22.
  33. Coscarón, S. & Philip, C.B. (1967) Revisión del género “Dasybasis” Macquart en la Región Neotropical (Diptera-Tabanidae). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, Entomología, 2 (2), 15–266.
  34. Corrêa-Neto, J & Henriques, A.L. (2023) Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Mangrove Forests and Estuarine Floodplains on Marajó Island. Neotropical Entomology, 52 (4), 571–583. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-023-01047-z
  35. Cumming, J. & Wood, D.M. (2017) Adult morphology and terminology. In: Kirk-Spriggs, A.H. & Sinclair, B.J. (Eds.), Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Vol 1. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, pp. 89–133.
  36. De Geer, C. (1776) Mémoires pour servir à 1’histoire des insectes. Vol. 6. L.L. Grefing, Stockholm, 523 pp., 30 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14802
  37. Evenhuis, N.L. & Pape, T. (2024) Systema Dipterorum. Version 5.1. Available from: http://www.diptera.org/ (accessed 6 May 2024)
  38. Fairchild, G.B. (1942) Notes on Tabanidae (Dipt.) from Panama. V. The genus Tabanus, subgenus Bellardia Rondani. Psyche, 49 (1–2), 8–17. https://doi.org/10.1155/1942/42581
  39. Fairchild, G.B. (1943) Notes on Tabanidae from Panama. X. The Genus Tabanus and resume of Tabanidae of Panama. Annals Entomological Society of America, 35 (4), 441–474. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/35.4.441
  40. Fairchild, G.B. (1947) Additional notes on the Tabanidae of Panama. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 39 (4), 564–575. [1946] https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/39.4.564
  41. Fairchild, G.B. (1956) Synonymical notes on Neotropical flies of the family Tabanidae (Diptera). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 131 (3), 1–38.
  42. Fairchild, G.B. (1961a) The Adolpho Lutz collection of Tabanidae (Diptera). I. The described genera and species, condition of the collection, and selection of lectotypes. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 59, 185–250. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761961000200006
  43. Fairchild, G.B. (1961b) The Adolpho Lutz collection of Tabanidae (Diptera). II. Status of the names published without description. Memórias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 59 (3), 279–295. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761961000300003
  44. Fairchild, G.B. (1961c) A preliminary checklist of the Tabanidae of Costa Rica. Revista de Biolologia Tropical, 9 (1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v9i1.30116
  45. Fairchild, G.B. (1964) Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera) IV. Further new species and new records from Panama. Journal of Medical Entomology, 1 (2), 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/1.2.169
  46. Fairchild, G.B. (1966) Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera). V. The species described by G. Enderlein. Journal of Medical Entomology, 3 (1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/3.1.1
  47. Fairchild, G.B. (1967a) Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera), VII. The species described by C. R. W. Wiedemann. Pacific Insects, 9, 73–164.
  48. Fairchild, G.B. (1967b) Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera). IX. The species described by Otto Kröber. Studia Entomologica, São Paulo, 9 (1–4), 329–379. [1966]
  49. Fairchild, G.B. (1967c) Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera). X. The species described by J. R. Schiner and others. Pacific Insects, 9 (2), 243–256.
  50. Fairchild G.B. (1970) Tabanidae (Dipt.) récoltés en Guyane Française par la mission du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6 (4), 839–847. https://doi.org/10.1080/21686351.1970.12277948
  51. Fairchild, G.B. (1971) Family Tabanidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Vol. 28. Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, 163 pp.
  52. Fairchild, G.B. (1983) Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera) XIX. The Tabanus lineola complex. Miscellaneous Publication of the Entomological Society of America, 57, 1–60.
  53. Fairchild, G.B. (1984) Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae (Dipt.)—XX. The larger species of Tabanus of eastern South America. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 21 (3), 1–50.
  54. Fairchild, G.B. (1985) Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae (Dipt.). XVIII. The genus Leucotabanus Lutz. Myia, 3, 299–331, 7 figs.
  55. Fairchild, G.B. (1986) Tabanidae of Panama. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 22, 1–139.
  56. Fairchild, G.B. & Aitken, H.G. (1960) Additions to the Tabanidae (Diptera) of Trinidad. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/53.1.1
  57. Fairchild, G.B. &. Burger, J.F. (1994) A Catalog of the Tabanidae (Diptera) of the Americas South of the United States. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 55, 1–244.
  58. Fairchild, G.B. & León, L.A. (1986) Lista provisional de Tabanidae (Diptera) del Ecuador. Publicaciones del Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias naturales, Serie Revista, 5, 97–122.
  59. Gómez, Z.T., Velásquez, M. & Gorayeb, I. (2005) Lista preliminar de Tabánidos (Diptera: Tabanidae) del Noroccidente de Guárico y Sur de Aragua, Venezuela. Entomotropica, 20 (1), 75–78.
  60. Gorayeb, I.S. (1993) Tabanidae (Diptera) da Amazônia. XI—Sazonalidade das espécies da Amazônia oriental e correlação com fatores climáticos. Boletim Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Série Zoologia, 9 (2), 241–281.
  61. Gorayeb, I.D.S. & Barros, A.T.M.D. (2006) Tabanidae (Diptera) of Amazônia XX: description of Tabanus pseudonebulosus n. sp. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 101, 213–217. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762006000200014
  62. Guimarães, R.R., Júnior, R.R.G., Harlan-Rodrigues, R.S., Guimarães, R.R. & Carvalho, R.W. (2016) Checklist and Notes on Behavior of Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) from Marambaia Island, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with New Records for the State. EntomoBrasilis, 9 (2), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v9i2.585
  63. Guimarães, R.R. & Aguiar, V.M. (2019) Specimens inventory of Tabanidae (Diptera) of Entomological Collection of National Museum of Natural History-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Biota Neotropica, 19 (3). [published online] https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2018-0651
  64. Hack, W.S. (1970) Datos bionómicos de Tabánidos de Corrientes. Acta Zoológica Lilloana, 27, 269–298.
  65. Hartop, E., Srivathsan, A., Ronquist, F. & Meier, R. (2022) Towards Large-scale Integrative Taxonomy (LIT): resolving the data conundrum for dark taxa. Systematic Biology, 71 (6), 1404–1422. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syac033
  66. Henriques, A.L. & Rafael, J.A. (1999) Tabanidae (Diptera) from Parque Nacional do Jaú, Amazonas, Brazil, with description of two new species of Diachlorus Osten Sacken. Memoirs on Entomology International, Durham, 14, 195–222.
  67. Henriques, A.L., Krolow, T.K. & Rafael, J.A. (2012) Corrections and additions to Catalogue of Neotropical Diptera (Tabanidae) of Coscarón & Papavero (2009). Revista Brasileira de Entomología, 56 (3), 277–280. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262012005000042
  68. Henriques, A.L. & Krolow, T.K. (2020) Tabanidae (Diptera) of Peru: Checklist update and description of three new species. Revista Peruana de Biologia, 27 (4), 429–440. https://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v27i4.19196
  69. Henriques, A.L., Krolow, T.K., Zamarchi, T.B.O. & Camargo, L.M.A. (2022) Description of Tabanus rondoniensis (Diptera: Tabanidae), a new species of horsefly from the State of Rondônia, Brazil. Biodiversity Data Journal, 10, e76904. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76904
  70. Henriques, A.L., Carmo, D.D., Krolow, T.K. & de Fraga, R. (2023).Biogeographic regionalization of the Amazon using highly diverse horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae): insights from three decades of data. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650521.2023.2254505
  71. Hine, J.S. (1920) Descriptions of horseflies from Middle America. II. The Ohio Journal of Sciences, 20 (8), 311–319.
  72. Hogue, C.L. & Fairchild, G.B. (1974) A revised checklist of the Tabanidae (Dipt.) of Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical, San José, 22 (l), 11–27.
  73. Hunter, W.D. (1901).A catalogue of the Diptera of South America, Pt. 2. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 27, 136–147.
  74. Iide, P. (1969).Estudos sobre Tabanus (Lophotabanus) importunus Wiedemann, 1828 (Diptera, Tabanidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro, 29 (2), 207–223, 52 figs.
  75. Kertész, K. (1908) Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Vol. 3. G. Engelmann, Lipsiae and Budapestini [Leipzig and Budapest], 367 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.58595
  76. Koller, W.W., Barros, A.T.M. & Teodoro, P.E. (2019) Diversity and population dynamic of Tabanidae (Insecta: Diptera) in the Cerrado-Pantanal ecotone. Bioscience Journal, 35 (5), 1390–1398. https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v35n5a2019-39502
  77. Kröber, O. (1929a) Über einige kleinere Gattungen der südamerikanischen Tabanini. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 83, 47–63 + 115–137. [Fortsetzung und Schluss]
  78. Kröber, O. (1929b).Die Ausbeute der Deutschen ChacoExpedition. 1925/26. Diptera. XI–XIII. Konowia, 8, 170–193, 2 pls.
  79. Kröber, O. (1930a) Nachträge zu den kleinen Gattungen der südamerikanischen Tabanini. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 86, 248–265.
  80. Kröber, O. (1930b) Neue Tabaniden und Zusätze zu bereits beschriebenen. Zoologischer Anzeiger. 90, 69–86, 21 figs.
  81. Kröber, O. (1931a) Die Tabanus-Gruppen Straba End. und Poecilosoma Lutz (= Hybostraba End. und Hybopelma End.) der neotropischen Region. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 94, 67–89.
  82. Kröber, O. (1931b) Die Tabanus-Untergattung Gymnochela End. (Diptera, Tabanidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger. 96, 49–61, 9 figs.
  83. Kröber, O. (1931c) Dreizehn neue neotropische Tabanus-Arten. Konowia, 10, 291–300.
  84. Kröber, O. (1934) Catalogo dos Tabanidae da America do Sul e Central, incluindo o Mexico e as Antilhas. Revista de Entomologia, 4 (2–3), 222–276 + 291–333.
  85. Krolow, T.K., Carmo, D.D.D., Oliveira, L.P. & Henriques, A.L. (2024) The Tabanidae (Diptera) in Brazil: Historical aspects, diversity and distribution. Zoologia, Curitiba, 41, e23074. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23074
  86. Krolow, T.K. & Henriques, A.L. (2017) Check list das espécies de mutucas (Diptera, Tabanidae) do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia, Série Zoologia, 107, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017131
  87. Krolow, T.K., Henriques, A.L. & Pollet, M. (2017) The Tabanidae of the Mitaraka expedition, with an updated check list of French Guiana (Diptera). ZooKeys, 684, 85–118. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.684.13197
  88. Lima, H.I.L., Krolow, T.K. & Henriques, A.L. (2015) Checklist of horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) from Taquaruçu, Tocantins, Brazil, with new records for the state. Check List, 11, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1596
  89. Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum caracteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm], [iv] + 824 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542
  90. Lutz, A. (1909) Collecção de tabánidas. In: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, em Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro. Officinas de Kósmos, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 28–30, 50 figs. [This publication, including the article by lutz, was issued anonymously. see fairchild, 1951, for discussion of authorship; fac-simile reproduction in Benchimol & Sá, 2005a: 289–291; cf. also Benchimol & Sá, 2005b, 2005c; cf. also lutz, a., 1911]
  91. Lutz, A. (1911) List of Tabanidae. In: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Internationale Hygiene-Ausstellung DFS 1911. Institut Oswaldo Cruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 33–35. [According to borgmeier (1933), this is a reprinting of the 1909 brochure with some changes, in which the new generic names are credited to lutz; fac-simile reproduction in Benchimol & Sá, 2005a: 293–297]
  92. Lutz, A. (1928) Estudios de zoologia y parasitologia venezolanas. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Rio de Janeiro, 133 pp., 26 pls. [Tabanidae, pp. 55–68, pls. VIII–IX; reprinted in 1955, 137 pp., with different pagination. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas; fac-simile of Tabanidae part in Benchimol & Sá, 2005a: 631–650]
  93. Lutz, A., Araujo. H.C. de S. & Fonseca Filho, O. (1918) Viagem scientifica no rio Paraná e a Assuncion, com volta por Buenos Aires, Montevideo e Rio Grande. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 10 (2), 104–173. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761918000200003
  94. Macquart, P.J.M. (1838a) n.k. In: Diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Tome Premier. 1re Partie. N.E. Roret, Paris, pp. 5–221, 25 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.15792
  95. Macquart, P.J.M. (1838b) Diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Mémoires de la Société Royale des Sciences, de l’Agriculture et des Arts, de Lille, 2, 9–225. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.15792
  96. Macquart, P.J.M. (1846) Diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Supplément. Mémoires de la Société. Royale des Sciences, de l’Agriculture et des Arts, de Lille, 1846, 5–238.
  97. Macquart, P.J.M. (1847) Diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. 2e. supplément. Mémoires de la Société Royale des Sciences, de l’Agriculture et des Arts, de Lille, 1846, 21–120, 6 pls.
  98. Macquart, P.J.M. (1850) Diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. 4.e. supplément [part.]. Mémoires de la Société Royale des Sciences, de l’Agriculture et des Arts, de Lille, 1850, 309–465 (text), 466–479 (explanation of figs., index), 44 pls.
  99. Martins, A.V. (1940) Os Tabanídeos do Estado de Minas Gerais. Graphica Queiroz Breyner, Belo Horizonte, 233 pp.
  100. Miletti, L.C., Colombo, B.B., Cardoso, C.P., Stalliviere, F.M., Tavares, K.C.S., Komati, L.K.O., Vieira, L.L., Christen, S.E. & Ramos, C.J.R. (2011) Prevalence, seasonality and behaviour of Tabanidae (Diptera) captured on a horse in the Planalto Serrano of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 31 (1–2), 122–126. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758411000130
  101. Moucha, J. (1968) Die Typen der Tabanidae in der Zoologische Samrnlung des Bayerischen Staates im München. Opuscula Zoologica, München, 101, 1–6.
  102. Moucha, J. (1969) Die Typen der Tabaniden im Staatlichen Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, 202, 1–4.
  103. Moucha, J. (1976) Horseflies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of the World. Synoptic Catalogue. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 7 (Supplementum), 1–319
  104. Oliveira, L.P., Henriques, A.L. & Krolow, T.K. (2022) New records of Tabanidae (Diptera) in an ecotone zone between the Cerrado and the Amazon Forest and an updated list of species of Tocantins, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 22 (4), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2022-1389
  105. Otte, M.J. & Abuabara, J.Y. (1991) Transmission of South American Trypanosoma vivax by the neotropical horsefly Tabanus nebulosus. Acta tropica, 49, 73–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-706X(91)90033-G
  106. Patrick, C.R. & Hays, K.L. (1968) Some Tabanidae (Diptera) from eastern Ecuador. Florida Entomologist, 49 (1) 219–221. https://doi.org/10.2307/3493422
  107. Pechuman, L.L. (1942) Lista provisional de los tabánidos de Venezuela. Boletín de Entomología Venezolana, 1 (3), 51–58.
  108. Philip, C.B. (1952) The Linnean and DeGeerian species of American Tabanidae (Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 45 (2), 310–314. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/45.2.310
  109. Philip, C.B. (1965) Notes on Rondani’s species of American Tabanidae. Journal of Medical Entomology, 2 (2), 120–122. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/2.2.120
  110. Philip, C.B. (1969) Descriptions of new Neotropical Tabanidae and new records for Argentina. Acta Zoológica Lilloana, 22, 105–132. [1967]
  111. Philippi, R.A. (1865) Aufzählung der chilenischen Diptera. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich–Königlichen Zoologisch–Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 15, 595–782.
  112. Rafael, J.A., Aguiar, A.P. & Amorim, D.D.S. (2009) Knowledge of insect diversity in Brazil: challenges and advances. Neotropical Entomology, 38, 565–570. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2009000500001
  113. Rafael, J.A., Gorayeb, I.S., Rosa, M.S.S. & Henriques, A.L. (1991) Tabanidae (Diptera) da Ilha de Maracá e Serra Pacaraima, Roraima, Brasil, com descrição de duas espécies novas. Acta amazonica, 21, 351–367. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921991211367
  114. Raymond, H.L. (1990) Tabanus importunus, vecteur mécanique experimental de Trypanosoma vivax en Guyane Française. Annales de parasitologie humaine et comparée, 65, 44–46. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1990651044
  115. Riccardi, P.R., Fachin, D.A., Ale-Rocha, R., Amaral, E.M., Amorim, D.D.S., Gil-Azevedo, L.H., Capellari, R.S., Carmo, D.D.D., Carvalho, C.J.B., Ferro, G.B., Flores, H.F, Gomes, L.R.P., Gottschalk, M.S., Lamas, C.J.E., Lampert, S., Marinho, M.A.T., Marques, D.W.A., Mello, R.L., Mello-Patiu, C.A, Menezes, M.A., Morales, M.N., Oliveira, S.S., Pereira, T.P.L., Pereira-Colavite, A., Pirani, G., Rafael, J.A., Santos, J. R., Savaris, M., Schelesky-Prado, D.C, Silva, V.C., Sousa, V.R., Urso-Guimarães, M.V., Vargas, L.V., Yamaguchi, C. & Falaschi, R.L. (2022) Checklist of the dipterofauna (Insecta) from Roraima, Brazil, with special reference to the Brazilian Ecological Station of Maracá. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 62, e202262014. https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.014
  116. Ríos, M.V., Gómez, Z.T., Gorayeb, I. & Tamasaukas, R. (2004) Abundancia estacional de tabánidos (Diptera: Tabanidae) en el sector las Lajas, municipio Miranda, estado Guárico, Venezuela. Entomotropica, 19 (3), 149–152.
  117. Rondani, C. (1848) Esame di varie specie d’insetti ditteri brasiliani. Studi Entomologici, 1 (1), 63–112, pl. IIIbis.
  118. Silva, R.A.M.S., Barros, A.T.M. & Herrera, H.M. (1995) Foyers trypanosomiens dus à Trypanosoma evansi dans le Pantanal, Brésil. Une approche préliminaire sur les facteurs de risque. Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux, 48 (4), 315–319. https://doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9432
  119. Silva, R.A.M.S., Silva, J.A., Freitas, J., Morales, G., Eulert, E., Ybáñez, R., Montenegro, A., Dávila, A.M.R. & Ramírez, L. (1997) Tripanossomose bovina por Trypanosoma vivax no Brasil e Bolivia: síntomas clínicos, diagnósticos e dados epizootiológicos. Boletim de Pesquisa da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, 8, 1–18.
  120. Stone, A. (1944) Some Tabanidae from Venezuela. Boletin de Entomologia Venezolana, 3 (3), 125–138.
  121. Szilády, Z. (1926) New and Old-World horseflies. Acta biologica Hungarica, l (7), 1–30.
  122. Veroy, K., Orozco, J. & Henriques, A.L. (2022) First records of two genera and thirteen species of Tabanidae (Diptera) from Honduras. ZooKeys, 1084, 27–42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1084.77038
  123. Walker, F. (1848) List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. Printed by order of the Trustees, London, 229 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.57902
  124. Walker, F. (1850a) Insecta saundersiana: or characters of undescribed insects in the collection of William Wilson Saunders, Esq. Diptera. Part I. John Van Voorst, London, 75 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5112
  125. Walker, F. (1850b) Characters of undescribed Diptera in the British Museum. Newman’s Zoologist, 8 (Appendix) [Art. 1, 5 & 15], lxv–lxxii, xcv–xcix & cxxi–cxxii.
  126. Walker, F. (1854) List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part 5. Printed by order of the Trustees, London, 330 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.57902
  127. Walker, F. (1857) Characters of undescribed Diptera in the collection of W.W. Saunders. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 4, 119–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1857.tb01820.x
  128. Wiedemann, C.R.W. (1819) Brasilianische Zweiflügler. (Wiedemann’s). Zoologische Magazin, l (3), 40–56.
  129. Wiedemann, C.R.W. (1821) Diptera exotica. 2nd Edition. s.n., Kiliae [Kiel], 244 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14404
  130. Wiedemann, C.R.W. (1828) Aussereuropäische zweiflügelige Insekten. Vol. 1. in der Schulzischen Buchhandlung, Hamm, xxxii + 608 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14603
  131. Wilkerson, R.C. (1979) Horse flies (Dipt. Taban.) of the Colombian departments of Chocó, Valle and Cauca. Cespedesia, Cali, 8 (31–35), 87–433.
  132. Zamarchi, T.B.O., Henriques, A.L., Krolow, T.K., Krüger, R.F., Rodrigues, G.D., Munari, A., Pessoa, F.A.C. & Camargo, L.M.A. (2023) Tabanidae (Diptera) captured on horses in Amazon Forest fragments of the state of Rondônia, Brazil. Acta Tropica, 237, 106734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106734