Abstract
Steleops is a small genus of bark lice currently comprising 24 species, mainly distributed in the Neotropical region, but also with some representatives in the Nearctic. This genus belongs to the family Psocidae and its monophyly has been open to question based on molecular phylogenetic hypothesis of the whole family. Based on a phylogenetic analysis using morphological characters of males of the known Steleops species and of 20 new species, seven groups of species in this genus are proposed. The new species, described and illustrated here, are the following: S. bolivianus sp. nov., S. braziliensis sp. nov., S. caliensis sp. nov., S. caquetensis sp. nov., S. clavatus sp. nov., S. coconuco sp. nov., S. cumbrensis sp. nov., S. ecuadorensis sp. nov., S. enderleini sp. nov. S. furcatus sp. nov., S. garcialdretei sp. nov., S. huilensis sp. nov., S. iguaquensis sp. nov., S. juliani sp. nov., S. lapazensis sp. nov., S. meremberg sp. nov., S. similis sp. nov. S. taurus sp. nov., S. tenerife sp. nov. and S. viridis sp. nov. A dichotomous key for determining the species (with known males) of the different groups of Steleops species is also presented.
References
- Banks, N. (1904) A list of Neuropteroid insects, exclusive of Odonata, from the vicinity of Washington, D.C. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 6, 201–217.
- Bess, E.C. & Yoshizawa, K. (2007) Redefinition of Ptycta Enderlein (Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’: Psocidae) and a taxonomic revision of the Japanese species. Entomological Science, 10, 279–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8298.2007.00224.x
- Enderlein, G. (1910) Eine Dekade neuer Copeognathengattungen. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1910 (2), 63–77.
- Galili, T. (2015) Dendextend: an R package for visualizing, adjusting and comparing trees of hierarchical clustering. Bioinformatics, 31 (22), 3718–3720. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btv428
- García Aldrete, A.N. (1981) A new Mexican Steleops (Psocoptera: Psocidae). Revista de Biología Tropical, 29 (1), 133–137.
- García Aldrete, A.N. (1995a) Species of Steleops (Psocoptera: Psocidae) of the Tambopata Reserved Zone, Madre de Dios, Perú. Anales del Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Zoología, 66 (2), 189–196.
- García Aldrete, A.N. (1995b) Two new lichenoid Mexican species of Steleops (Psocoptera Psocidae). Redia, 78 (1), 13–18.
- García Aldrete, A.N. & Menchaca López, L.B. (1982) Un nuevo Steleops boliviano (Psocoptera: Psocidae). Anales del Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Zoología, 52 (1), 115–118.
- Goloboff, P. (1993) Estimating character weights during tree search. Cladistics, 9 (1), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1993.tb00209.x
- Goloboff, P., Farris, J. & Nixon, K. (2003) Improvements to resampling measures of group support. Cladistics, 19 (4), 324–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00376.x.
- Goloboff, P. & Morales, M.E. (2023) TNT version 1.6, with a graphical interface for MacOS and Linux, including new routines in parallel. Cladistics, 39 (2), 144–153 https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12524
- González, R., García Aldrete, A.N. & Carrejo, N. (2011a) A new species of Steleops Enderlein, and a Colombian record of S. pulcher New (Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’: Psocidae). Zootaxa, 2735 (1), 23–27. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2735.1.2
- González Obando, R., García Aldrete, A.N. & Carrejo, N. (2011b) New species of Steleops (Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’: Psocidae) from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Zootaxa, 3139 (1), 28–54. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3139.1.2
- González Obando, R., Carrejo-Gironza, N., Mendivil, J. & García Aldrete, A.N. (2021) Neurostigma (Psocodea: Psocomorpha: Epipsocidae) from Colombia. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 61 (1), 83–98. https://doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2021.005
- Hopkins, H., Johnson, K.P. & Smith, V.S. (2024) Psocidae Hagen, 1865. Psocodea Species File. Available from: https://psocodea.speciesfile.org/otus/875698/overview (accessed 22 June 2025)
- Johnson, K.P. & Mockford, E.L. (2003) Molecular Systematics of Psocomorpha (Psocoptera). Systematic Entomology, 28, 409–40. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3113.2003.00220.x
- Lewis, P.O. (2001) A likelihood approach to estimating phylogeny from discrete morphological character data. Systematic Biology, 50, 913–925. https://doi.org/10.1080/106351501753462876
- Lienhard, C. & Smithers, C.N. (2002) Psocoptera (Insecta). World catalogue and bibliography. Instrumenta Biodiversitatis V. Musèum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneve, xli + 745 pp.
- Minh, B.Q., Nguyen, M.A.T. & Von Haeseler, A. (2013) Ultrafast approximation for phylogenetic bootstrap. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30, 1188–1195. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst024
- Mockford, E.L. (1993) North American Psocoptera (Insecta). Flora and Fauna Handbook No. 10. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, Florida, 455 pp.
- Mockford, E.L. (1996) New species and records of Psocoptera from northern Venezuela. Tropical Zoology, Special Issue 2, 1–98.
- New, T.R. (1972) A collection of Psocidae (Psocoptera) from central Brazil. Arquivos de Zoologia, 22 (4), 193–237. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v22i4p193-237
- Nixon, K.C. (1999–2002) WinClada. Version 1.00.08. Published by the author, Ithaca, New York. [program]
- Rambaut, A., Drummond, A.J., Xie, D., Baele, G. & Suchard, M.A. (2018) Posterior summarization in Bayesian phylogenetics using Tracer 1.7. Systematic Biology, 67 (5), 901–904. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy032
- Roesler, R. (1944) Die Gattungen der Copeognathen. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 105, 117–166.
- Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Van Der Mark, P., Ayres, D., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference and Model Choice Across a Large Model Space. Systematic Biology, 61 (3), 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
- Smithers, C.N. (1972) The classification and phylogeny of the Psocoptera. Australian Museum Memoir, 14, 1–349. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1967.14.1972.424
- Trifinopoulos, J., Nguyen, L.T., Von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B.Q. (2016) W-IQ-TREE: a fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis. Nucleic Acids Research, 44 (W1), W232–W235. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw256
- Walsh, B.D. (1863) Observations on certain N. A. Neuroptera, by H. Hagen, M. D., of Koenigsberg, Prussia; translated from the original French MS., and published by permission of the author, with notes and descriptions of about twenty new N. A. species of Pseudoneuroptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 2, 167–272.
- Yoshizawa, K. (2002) Phylogeny and higher classification of suborder Psocomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 136, 371–400. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00036.x
- Yoshizawa, K. (2005) Morphology of Psocomorpha (Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’). Insecta Matsumurana, New Series, 62, 1–44. [Corpus ID: 81819539]
- Yoshizawa, K. & Johnson, K.P. (2007) Molecular systematics of the barklouse family Psocidae (Insecta: Psocidae: ‘Psocoptera’) and implications for morphological and behavioral evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 46, 547–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.011
- Yoshizawa, K. & Johnson, K.P. (2008) Molecular systematics of the barklouse family Psocidae (Insecta: Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’) and implications for morphological and behavioral evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 46 (2), 547–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.011
- Yoshizawa, K. & Johnson, K.P. (2014) Phylogeny of the suborder Psocomorpha: congruence and incongruence between morphology and molecular data (Insecta: Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 171 (4), 716–731. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12157
- Yoshizawa, K. & Mockford, E.L. (2012) Redescription of Symbiopsocus hastatus Mockford (Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’: Psocidae), with first description of female and comments on the genus. Insecta Matsumurana, 68, 133–141.
- Yoshizawa, K. & Smithers, C.N. (2006) Systematic Position of Trichadenotecnum enderleini (Roesler) (Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’: Psocidae). Records of the Australian Museum, 58, 411–415. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.58.2006.1467
- Yoshizawa, K., Bess, E. & Johnson, K.P. (2011) Kaindipsocinae is a sister taxon to the rest of Psocidae (Insecta: Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’). Invertebrate Systematics, 25 (2), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS11004