Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 5632 No. 1: 6 May 2025
Type: Article
Published: 2025-05-06
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5632.1.1
Page range: 1-41
Abstract views: 26
PDF downloaded: 1

Holopelagic Annelida from the Red Sea off the Central Saudi Arabian coast

Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900; Saudi Arabia.; N. A. Pertsov White Sea Biological Station; Moscow State University; Leninskie Gory; 1-12; Moscow; 119234; Russia
Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900; Saudi Arabia.; Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow; Russia
Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900; Saudi Arabia.; Laboratorio de Biologia Marina; Departamento de Zoologia; Facultad de Biologia; Universidad de Sevilla; Seville; Spain.
Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900; Saudi Arabia.
Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE); King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900; Saudi Arabia.; Marine Science Program; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal; Saudi Arabia.
Annelida 18S 28S pelagic polychaetes zooplankton molecular systematics morphology COI

Abstract

Pelagic polychaetous annelids were collected in the vicinity of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (Saudi Arabia) in December 2023 and April 2024. In total, 11 species belonging to four taxa were found: Krohnia cf. lepidota, Vanadis minuta, Plotohelmis cf. capitata (tribe Alciopini), Pelagobia longicirrata (fam. Lopadorrhynchidae), Typhloscolex cf. muelleri, T. robustus, Typhloscolex sp., Sagitella kowalewskii, Sagitella dubia comb. nov. (fam. Typhloscolecidae), Tomopteris rolasi and T. planktonis (fam. Tomopteridae). Molecular markers 18S and 28S indicate that V. minuta may be a complex of two species. Travisiopsis dubia, according to these markers, belongs to the genus Sagitella; therefore, we amended the diagnosis of the genus Sagitella to include this species. The genus Typhloscolex in our samples is represented by three species. The first one, T. robusta, is represented here as T. robustus, due to the gender variable adjective with incorrect original feminine ending. The second species T. cf. muelleri is morphologically indistinguishable from T. muelleri from the Atlantic; however, they form separate clades in the phylogenetic tree. The third species Typhloscolex sp. is new to science, but we do not describe it formally here because to condition of the material is insufficient for morphological examination.

 

References

  1. Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E.W. & Lipman, D.J. (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology, 215 (3), 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2
  2. Apstein, C. (1900) Die Alciopiden und Tomopteriden der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt- Stiftung, 2, 1–62. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2130655]
  3. Bergström, E. (1914) Zur systematik der Polychaeten Familie der Phyllodociden. Zoologiska Bidrag Fran Uppsala, 3, 35–224. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36924250#page/49]
  4. Boysen-Ennen, E. & Piatkowski, U. (1988) Meso-and macrozooplankton communities in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biology, 9 (1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00441761
  5. Böggemann, M. (2009) Polychaetes (Annelida) of the abyssal SE Atlantic. Organisms Diversity and Evolution, 9, 251–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ode.2009.10.001
  6. Budaeva, N., Agne, S., Ribeiro, P.A., Straube, N., Preick, M. & Hofreiter, M. (2024) Wide-spread dispersal in a deep-sea brooding polychaete: the role of natural history collections in assessing the distribution in quill worms (Onuphidae, Annelida). Frontiers in Zoology, 21 (1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-023-00520-0
  7. Busch, W. (1851) Beobachtungen über Anatomie und Entwickelung einiger wirbellosen Seethiere. Hirschwald, Berlin, 143 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9438
  8. Buzhinskaja, G.N. (2017) Descriptions of Pedinosoma curtum Reibisch from North-West Pacific and a late larva of Pedinosoma polaris sp. nov. from the Arctic Basin. Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Lopadorhynchidae). Zoosystematika Rossica, 26 (1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2017.26.1.3
  9. Caroli, A. (1928) Nota sui Tomopteridi di Messina. Atti della Accademia dei Fisiocritici in Siena, 10 (3), 5–7.
  10. Caroli, A. (1930 (1928)) Tomopteridi del Mar Rosso, con considerazioni sulla loro distribuzione geografica. Istituto Idrografico della Regia Marina. Estratto dagli Annali Idrografici, 11, 213–219.
  11. Caroli, A. (1933) Tomopteridi del Golfo di Napoli. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 12, 372–384.
  12. Carr, C.M., Hardy, S.M., Brown, T.M., Macdonald, T.A. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2011) A Tri-Oceanic Perspective: DNA Barcoding Reveals Geographic Structure and Cryptic Diversity in Canadian Polychaetes. PLoS ONE, 6 (7), e22232. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022232
  13. Chamberlin, R.V. (1919) The Annelida Polychaeta [Albatross Expeditions]. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 48, 1–514. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49195
  14. Claparède, É. (1870) Les Annélides Chétopodes du Golfe de Naples. Supplément. Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d'Histoire naturelle de Genève, 20 (2), 365–542. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2142
  15. Costa, A. (1864) Illustrazione Iconografica degli Anellidi rari o poco conosciuti del Golfo di Napoli. Annuario del Museo Zoologico della R. Università di Napoli, 2 (5), 159–171. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11823253#page/163/]
  16. Dales, R.P. (1956) An annotated list of the pelagic polychæta. Journal of Natural History, 9 (100), 289–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222935608655815
  17. Dales, R.P. (1957) Pelagic polychaetes of the Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanogaphy, 7 (2), 99–168. [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/51c8j5nj]
  18. Dales, R.P. (1959) Pelagic polychaetes from the Malacca Straits and south China Sea. Journal of Natural History, 2 (20), 481–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222935908650880
  19. Dales, R.P. & Peter, G. (1972) A synopsis of the pelagic Polychaeta. Journal of Natural History, 6, 55–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937200770071
  20. Day, J.H. (1967) Polychaeta of Southern Africa. Part 1. Errantia. British Museum of the Natural History, London, 458 pp. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/8596]
  21. DiBattista, J.D., Roberts, M.B., Bouwmeester, J., Bowen, B.W., Coker, D.J., Lozano-Cortés, D.F., Choat, J.H., Gaither, M.R., Hobbs, J.-P.A., Khalil, M.T., Kochzius, M., Myers, R.F., Paulay, G., Robitzch, V.S.N., Saenz-Agudelo, P., Salas, E., Sinclair-Taylor, T.H., Toonen, R.J., Westneat, M.W., & Williams, S.T., Berumen, M.L. (2016) A review of contemporary patterns of endemism for shallow water reef fauna in the Red Sea. Journal of Biogeography, 43 (3), 423–439. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12649
  22. Edgar, R.C. (2004) MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acid Research, 32 (5), 1792–1797. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh340
  23. Edwards, A.J. & Head, S.M. (1987) Red Sea. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 314 pp.
  24. Ehlers, E.H. (1864) Die Borstenwiirmer nach systematischen und anatomischen Untersuchungen dargestellt. Engelmann, Leipzig. 268 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2081
  25. Ehlers, E.H. (1913) Die Polychaetern-Sammlungen der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. Deutschen Súdpolar Expedition, 13, 397–598. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2139283]
  26. Elsaeed, E., Fahmy, N., Hanora, A. & Enany, S. (2021) Bacterial taxa migrating from the Mediterranean Sea into the Red Sea revealed a higher prevalence of anti-Lessepsian migrations. OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology, 25 (1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1089/omi.2020.0140
  27. Elgetany, A.H., Struck, T.H. & Glasby, C.J. (2022) Three new species of the genus Perinereis (Annelida, Nereididae) from Egyptian coasts. ZooKeys, 1132, 163. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1132.87629
  28. Eschscholtz, F. (1825) Bericht über die zoologische Ausbeute während der Reise von Kronstadt bis St. Peter und Paul. Isis van Oken, Jena, 16, 733–747. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27509188]
  29. Fauvel, P. (1916) Annélides polychètes pélagiques provenant des campagnes de Hironelle et de la Princesse-Alice (1885–1910). Résultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco publes soud sa direction avec le concours de M. Jules Richard, Docteur ès-sciences, chargé des Travaux zoologiques à bord. Imprimerie de Monaco, Monaco, 152 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.48837
  30. Fauvel, P. (1923) Polychètes Errantes. Faune de France, 5, 1–488. http://www.faunedefrance.org/
  31. Fauvel, P. (1936) Resultats du voyage de la Belgica en 1897–99 sous le commandement de A. de Gerlache de Gomery. Zoologie, Polychaetes Expedition Antarctique Belge. Buschmann, Anvers, 1–46.
  32. Fauvel, P. (1953) The Fauna of India. Annelida Polychaeta. The Indian Press, Allahabad, 507 pp.
  33. Fernández-Álamo, M.A. (1983) Los poliquetos pelagicos (Annelida – Polychaeta) del Pacifico oriental tropical: sistematica y zoogeografia. Dissertation, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., 481 pp.
  34. Fernández-Álamo, M.A. (1991) Holoplanktonic polychaetes from the Gulf of California: August-September 1977. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports, 32, 97–104.
  35. Fernández-Álamo, M.A. (2000) Tomopterids (Annelida: polychaeta) from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of Marine Science, 67, 45–53. [https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/2000/00000067/00000001/art00006]
  36. Fernández-Álamo, M.A. (2003) Distribution of holoplanktonic typhloscolecids (Annelida- Polychaeta) in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Journal of Plankton Research, 26 (6), 647–657. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbh063
  37. Fernández-Álamo, M.A. & Sanvicente-Anorve, L. (2005) Holoplanktonic polychaetes from the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico. Cahiers de biologie marine, 46 (3), 227–239.
  38. Fernández-Álamo, M.A. (2006) Composition, abundance and distribution of holoplanktonic polychaetes from the expedition “El Golfo 6311-12” of Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Scientia Marina, 70 (S3), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2006.70s3209
  39. Friedrich, H. (1950) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Polychaetenfamilie Typhloscolecidae. Die pelagischen Polychaeten der "Meteor" Expedition II. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 79, 309–320.
  40. Giribet, G., Carranza, S., Baguna, J., Riutort, M. & Ribera, C. (1996) First molecular evidence for the existence of a Tardigrada+Arthropoda clade. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 13, 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025573
  41. Glez-Peña, D., Gómez-Blanco, D., Reboiro-Jato, M., Fdez-Riverola, F. & Posada, D. (2010) ALTER: program-oriented format conversion of DNA and protein alignments. Nucleic Acids Research, 38 (Supplement 2), W14–W18. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq321
  42. Gravier, C. (1911) Expédition Antarctique Française du "Pourquoi-Pas", dirigée par le Dr. J.-B. Charcot (1908–1910). Espèces nouvelles d'annélides polychètes. Bulletin de Museum d’Histoire naturelle, 17, 310–316. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34198359#page/348]
  43. Greeff, R. (1876) Untersuchungen über die Alciopiden. Nova Acta der Kaiserlichen Leopold-Carolin Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher, 39 (2), 34–122. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12766776]
  44. Greeff, R. (1879) Über pelagische Anneliden von der Küste der Canarischen Inseln. Zeitschrift Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 32, 237–284. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45240415]
  45. Greeff, R. (1885) Über die pelagische Fauna an den Küsten der Guinea-Inseln. Pelagische Anneliden von Rolas. Zeitschrift Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 42, 432–458. [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45468805]
  46. Grube, A.E. (1850) Die Familien der Anneliden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin, 16 (1), 249–364. [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6958350]
  47. Halanych, K.M., Cox, N. & Struck, T.H. (2007) A brief review of holopelagic annelids. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 47 (6), 872–879. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icm086
  48. Hartman, O. (1959) Catalogue of the Polychaetous Annelids of the World. Parts 1 and 2. University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles, 628 pp.
  49. Hering, E. (1892) Zur Kenntniss der Alciopiden von Messina. Sitzungsberichte Der Akademie Der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 101, 713–768. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40145325#page/803]
  50. Hopkins, T.L. & Torres, J.J. (1988) The zooplankton community in the vicinity of the ice edge, western Weddell Sea, March 1986. Polar Biology, 9 (2), 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00442033
  51. Hutchings, P.A. & Kupriyanova, E. (2017) Cosmopolitan polychaetes–fact or fiction? Personal and historical perspectives. Invertebrate Systematics, 32, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS17035
  52. ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4th Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp. [https://www.iczn.org/the-code/the-code-online/]
  53. Isaychev, A.N., Konovalova, O.P., Stupnikova, A.N. & Zhadan, A.E. (2013) On the morphology and phylogeny of Pelagobia longicirrata (Polychaeta, Annelida). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 92 (7), 790–801. [in Russian] https://doi.org/10.7868/S0044513413070076
  54. Isaychev, A.N. (2015) Morphology and biology of the planktonic polychaete Pelagobia cf. longicirrata Greeff, 1879 (Annelida, Lopadorrhynchidae). PhD thesis, Moscow State University, Moscow, 114 p. [in Russian]
  55. Kin, I., Jimi, N., Ohtsuka, S., Mizuno, G., Nakamura, T., Maekawa, Y. & Oba, Y. (2022) The COI haplotype diversity of the pelagic polychaete Tomopteris (Annelida: Tomopteridae) collected from the Pacific coast off Kii Peninsula, central Japan. Plankton and Benthos Research, 17 (2), 214–220. https://doi.org/10.3800/pbr.17.214
  56. Knox, G.A. (1959) Pelagic and benthic polychaetes of the central Arctic basin. In: Bushnell, V. (Ed.), Scientific Studies at Fletcher's Ice Island. Terrestrial Sciences Laboratory, Geophysics Research Directorate, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Air Research and Development Command, United States Air Force, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 105–114.
  57. Kolbasova, G., Kosobokova, K. & Neretina, T. (2020) Bathy-and mesopelagic annelida from the Arctic Ocean: Description of new, redescription of known and notes on some “cosmopolitan” species. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 165, 103327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103327
  58. Kolbasova, G. & Neretina, T. (2021) A new species of Pelagobia (Lopadorrhynchidae, Annelida), with some notes on literature records of Pelagobia longicirrata Greeff, 1879. Zootaxa, 5023 (1), 77–92. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5023.1.4
  59. Kolbasova, G.D., Syomin, V.L., Mishin, A.V., Molodtsova, T.N., Neretin, N.Yu. & Neretina, T.V. (2023) Holopelagic Annelida from the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean and adjacent South Atlantic with descriptions of three new species. Marine Biodiversity, 53 (6). [published online] https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-023-01380-x
  60. Kozlov, A.M., Darriba, D., Flouri, T., Morel, B. & Stamatakis, A. (2018) RAxML-NG: A fast, scalable, and user-friendly tool for maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference. BioRxiv. [published online] https://doi.org/10.1101/447110
  61. Krohn, A. (1845) Zoologische und anatomische Bemerkungen über die Alciopen. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin, 11, 171–184. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/51219#page/185]
  62. Kulagin, D.N., Stupnikova, A.N., Neretina, T.V. & Mugue, N.S. (2014) Spatial genetic heterogeneity of the cosmopolitan chaetognath Eukrohnia hamata (Mobius, 1875) revealed by mitochondrial DNA. Hydrobiologia, 721 (1), 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1661-z
  63. Langerhans, P. (1880) Die wurmfauna Madeiras. II. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 33 (1–2), 271–316. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45632728]
  64. Lê, H.L.V., Lecointre, G. & Perasso, R. (1993) A 28S based phylogeny of the Gnathostomes: first steps in the analysis of conflict and congruence with morphologically based cladograms. Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution, 2, 31–51. https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1993.1005
  65. Levinsen, G.M.R. (1885) Spolia atlantica. Om nogle pelagiske Annulata. Det Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskabs skrifter. Naturvidenskabelig og mathematisk afdeling, 3 (2), 321–344. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34738282]
  66. Malaquin, A. & Dehorne, A. (1907) Les Annélides polychètes de la Baie d'Amboine. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 15, 335–400.
  67. McIntosh, W.C. (1885) Report on the Annelida Polychaeta collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76, Zoology, 12 (34), 1–554. [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50688426]
  68. Meißner, K., Bick, A. & Götting, M. (2017) Arctic Pholoe (Polychaeta: Pholoidae): when integrative taxonomy helps to sort out barcodes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 179 (2), 237–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12468
  69. Nolte, W. (1938) Anneliden Larven. Nordisches Plankton, 24, 171–282.
  70. Nygren, A. & Pleijel, F. (2011) Chimaeras and the origins of the holopelagic annelids Typhloscolecidae and Lopadorrhynchidaae: a reply to Struck et Halanych. Zoologica Scripta, 40 (1), 112–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00462.x
  71. Nygren, A. (2014) Cryptic polychaete diversity: a review. Zoologica Scripta, 43, 172–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12044
  72. Orensanz, J.M. & Ramírez, F.C. (1973) Taxonomía y distribución de los poliquetos pelágicos del Atlántico Sudoccidental. Instituto de Biología Marina, La Plata, 118 pp.
  73. Örsted, A.S. (1843) Annulatorum danicorum conspectus. Fasc. I. Maricolæ. (Quæstio ab universitate Hafniensi ad solvendum proposita et proemio ornata). Sumtibus Librariæ Wahlianæ, Hafniæ, 47 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11849
  74. Osborn, K.J., Rouse, G.W., Goffredi, S.K. & Robison, B.H. (2007) Description and relationships of Chaetopterus pugaporcinus, an unusual pelagic polychaete (Annelida, Chaetopteridae). Biological Bulletin, 212 (1), 40–54. https://doi.org/10.2307/25066579
  75. Peter, G. (1974) Distribution of pelagic Polychaetes in the North-West Australian Sea during winter. Indian Journal of Marine Science, 3, 180–182. [http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/39575]
  76. Por, F.D. (1971) One hundred years of Suez Canal—a century of Lessepsian migration: retrospect and viewpoints. Systematic Zoology, 20 (2), 138–159. https://doi.org/10.2307/2412054
  77. Quatrefages, M.A. de (1865a) Histoire naturelle des Annelés marins et d'eau douce. Annélides et Géphyriens. 1. Librarie Encyclopédique de Rôret, Paris, 588 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.122818
  78. Quatrefages, M.A. de (1865b) Histoire naturelle des Annelés marins et d'eau douce. Annélides et Géphyriens. 2. Librarie Encyclopédique de Rôret, Paris, 794 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.122818
  79. Radashevsky, V.I., Pankova, V.V., Neretina, T.V., Stupnikova, A.N. & Tzetlin, A.B. (2016) Molecular analysis of the Pygospio elegans group of species (Annelida: Spionidae). Zootaxa, 4083 (2), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4083.2.4
  80. Radashevsky, V.I., Al-Kandari, M., Malyar, V.V. & Pankova, V.V. (2021) Pseudopolydora (Annelida: Spionidae) from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait. European journal of taxonomy, 773, 120–168. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.773.1519
  81. Rambaut, A. (2018) FigTree. Tree figure drawing tool. Version 1.4.4. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ (accessed 24 March 2025)
  82. Rambaut, A., Drummond, A.J. & Suchard, M.A. (2018) Tracer. Version 1.6. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/tracer/ (accessed 24 March 2025)
  83. Reibisch, J.G.F. (1895) Die pelagischen Phyllodociden und Typhloscoleciden der Plankton-Expedition. In: Ergebnisse der in dem Atlantischen Ocean von Mitte Juli bis Anfang November 1889 ausgeführten Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung. Lipsius und Tisher, Kiel und Leipzig, pp. 1–64. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2130690]
  84. Rice, S.A. (1987) Reproductive biology, systematics, and evolution in the polychaete family Alciopidae. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 7, 114–127.
  85. Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J. & Teslenko, M. (2012) Draft MrBayes. Version 3.2 Manual: tutorials and model summaries. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11524383/ (accessed 24 March 2025)
  86. Rosa, D. (1908) Planktonic collections obtained by the r. ship “Liguria” during the circumnavigation of 1903–1905 under the command of H.R.H. Luigi Di Savola Duke of the Abruzzi. Galletti e Cocci Printing House, Florence, 107 pp.
  87. Rozbaczylo, N., Antezana, T. & Pinochet, H. (1987) Tomopteridae (Annelida: Polychaeta) recolectados en el Pacífico Suroriental y revisión de la familia en Chile. Studies on neotropical fauna and environment, 22 (2), 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650528709360723
  88. Rozbaczylo, N., Moreno, R.A., Díaz-Díaz, O. & Vásquez-Yáñez, P. (2020) Poliquetos holoplanctónicos en Chile. Boletín del Instituto Oceanográfico de Venezuela, 59 (01), 140–190.
  89. Ruiping, W.B.S. (1978) Preliminary studies on geographical distribution and evolution of pelagic polychaetes from South China Sea islands (Guangdong province, China). Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2, 215–223. [abstract]
  90. Sarda, R., Gil, J., Taboada, S. & Gili, J.M. (2009) Polychaete species captured in sediment traps moored in northwestern Mediterranean submarine canyons. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 155, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00442.x
  91. Schlitzer, R. (2024) Ocean Data View. Available from: https://odv.awi.de (accessed 24 March 2025)
  92. Sheppard, C., Price, A. & Roberts, C. (1992) Marine Ecology of the Arabian Region. Patterns and processes in extreme tropical environments. Academic Press, London, San Diego, New York, Boston, Sydney, Tokyo and Toronto, 359 pp.
  93. Schmarda, L.K. (1861) Neue Wirbellose Thiere: Beobachted und Gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erdr 1853 bis 1857. In: Turbellarien, Rotatorien und Anneliden. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leizig, pp. 1–164. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/50342#page/11]
  94. Sigovini, M., Keppel, E. & Tagliapietra, D. (2016) Open Nomenclature in the biodiversity era. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7 (10), 1217–1225. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12594
  95. Southern, R. (1909) The marine worms (Annelida) of Dublin Bay and the adjoining district. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section B: Biological, Geological, and Chemical Science, 215–246.
  96. Støp-Bowitz, C. (1948) Polychaeta from the "Michael Sars" North Atlantic deep-sea expedition 1910. Report on the Scientific Results of the Michael Sars North Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition, 5 (8), 1–91.
  97. Støp-Bowitz, C. (1987) A new genus and species (Yndolacia lopadorrhynchoides) of pelagic polychaetes, representative of a new family, Yndolaciidae. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 7, 128–130.
  98. Støp-Bowitz, C. (1992) Polychètes pélagiques des campagnes de" l'Ombango" dans les eaux équatoriales et tropicales ouest-africaines. Editions ORSTOM, Paris, 118 pp.
  99. Struck, T.H. & Halanych, K.M. (2010) Origins of holopelagic Typhloscolecidae and Lopadorrhynchidae within Phyllodocidae (Phyllodocida, Annelida). Zoologica Scripta, 39 (3), 269–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00418.x
  100. Stupnikova, A.N., Kulagin, D.N., Neretina, T.V. & Mugue, N.S. (2013a) Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism (CO1) of three dominant copepod species in the South Atlantic. Oceanologia, 53 (4), 451–459. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001437013040140
  101. Stupnikova, A.N., Molodtsova, T.N., Mugue, N.S. & Neretina, T.V. (2013b) Genetic variability of the Metridia lucens complex (Copepoda) in the Southern Ocean. Journal of Marine Systems, 128, 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.04.016
  102. Stupnikova, A.N. & Vereshchaka, A.L. (2013) High-resolution survey indicates high heterogeneity in copepod distribution in the hydrologically active Drake Passage. Journal of Natural History, 47 (5–12), 699–713. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.708451
  103. Syomin, V.L., Kolbasova, G.D., Ostroumova, S.A., Sapozhnikov, P.V., Kalinina, O.Y. & Mishin, A.V. (2023) Vertical distribution of pelagic polychaetes in the Bransfield Strait and northwestern Weddell Sea in austral summer of 2022. Polar Biology, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-023-03177-x
  104. Tamura, K., Stecher, G. & Kumar, S. (2021) MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 11. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 38, 3022–3027. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab120
  105. Tebble, N. (1958) Distribution of pelagic polychaetes in the South Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 182 (4629), 166–167. https://doi.org/10.1038/182166a0
  106. Tebble, N. (1960) The distribution of pelagic polychaetes in the South Atlantic Ocean. Discovery Reports, 30, 161–299.
  107. Teixeira, M.A., Fourreau, C.J.L., Sempere-Valverde, J. & Carvalho, S. (2024) Two new records and description of a new Perinereis (Annelida, Nereididae) species for the Saudi Arabian Red Sea region. ZooKeys, 1196, 331. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1196.115260
  108. Tilić, E., Stiller, J., Campos, E., Pleijel, F. & Rouse, G.W. (2022) Phylogenomics resolves ambiguous relationships within Aciculata (Errantia, Annelida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 166, 107339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107339
  109. Treadwell, A.L. (1906) Polychaetous annelids of the Hawaiian Islands collected by the steamer Albatross in 1902. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23 (3), 1145–1181. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51691969]
  110. Treadwell, A.L. (1943) Polychaetous annelids. Scientific Results of Cruise VII of the Carnegie during 1928–1929 under Command of Captain J. P. Ault, 555, 29–59.
  111. Uljanin, V.N. (1878) Sur le genre Sagitella N. Wagner. Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale, 1 (7), 1–32.
  112. Ushakov, P.V. (1955) Polychaeta of the far eastern seas of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 445 pp. [in Russian]
  113. Ushakov, P.V. (1972) Polychaetes of the suborder Phyllodociformia of the Polar Basin and the northwestern part of the Pacific: families Phyllodocidae, Alciopidae, Tomopteridae, Typhloscolecidae, and Lacydoniidae. Nauka, Leningrad, 138 pp. [in Russian]
  114. Viguier, C. (1886) Études sur les animaux inférieurs de la Baie d’Alger. Recherches sur les Annélides pélagiques. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale, 2 (4), 347–442. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5470461#page/387]
  115. Wagner, N. (1872) New group of polychaete worms. Proceedings of the Emperor’s St. Petersburg Society, 3, 344–347. [in Russian]
  116. Wehe, T. & Fiege, D. (2002) Annotated checklist of the polychaete species of the seas surrounding the Arabian Peninsula: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Gulf. Fauna of Arabia, 19, 7–238.
  117. Wesenberg-Lund, E. (1939) Pelagic polychaetes of the families Aphroditidae, Phyllodocidae, Typhloscolecidae and Alciopidae. Report on the Danish Oceanographical Expeditions 1908–10 to the Mediterranean and adjacent seas. Biology, 2 (1), 1–46.
  118. Yang, D., Zeng, S., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Yang, D., Glasby, C.J., Hwang, J.-S. & Cai, L. (2024) Molecular systematics of Perinereis and an investigation of the status and relationships of the cultured species Perinereis wilsoni Glasby & Hsieh, 2006 (Annelida, Nereididae). Zoosystematics and Evolution, 100 (4), 1297–1314. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.127201
  119. Yonow, N. (2015) Sea slugs: unexpected biodiversity and distribution. In: Rasul, N.M.A. & Stewart, I.C.F. (Eds.), The Red Sea: The formation, morphology, oceanography and environment of a young ocean basin. Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg, pp. 531–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45201-1_30

How to Cite

Kolbasova, G., Syomin, V., Sempere-Valverde, J., Teixeira, M. & Carvalho, S. (2025) Holopelagic Annelida from the Red Sea off the Central Saudi Arabian coast. Zootaxa, 5632 (1), 1–41. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5632.1.1