Abstract
The predominately Asian bagworm moth genera Mahasena Moore and Manatha Moore are reported from Australia for the first time. In this country each genus is represented by a new and endemic species; Mahasena inornata Beaver sp. nov., and Manatha prolixa Beaver sp. nov., both from far northern Queensland. The taxonomic determinations made herein are based upon morphological examination and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Examination of the primary type specimen of the type species of the genus Claniades Bethune-Baker syn. nov., along with the sequencing of conspecifics from New Guinea, indicates that this genus is a junior subjective synonym of Mahasena, and its single species C. ekeikei Bethune-Baker is here treated as Mahasena ekeikei comb. nov. accordingly. Various literature records of M. corbetti Tams from New Guinea and the Bismark Archipelago are considered misattributions of M. ekeikei. In addition, we treat Psyche assamica Watt as nomen dubium, and reinstate Manatha scotopepla stat. reinst. as a valid species.
References
- Arakawa, K., Kono, N., Ohtoshi, R., Nakamura, H. & Tomita, M. (2018) The complete mitochondrial genome of Eumeta variegata (Lepidoptera: Psychidae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resources, 3 (2), 812–813. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2018.1495119
- Arnscheid, W.R. & Weidlich, M. (2017) Psychidae. Microlepidoptera of Europe. Vol. 8. Brill, Leiden, xiii + 423 pp. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004340220
- Bankevich, A., Nurk, S., Antipov, D., Gurevich, A.A., Dvorkin, M., Kulikov, A.S., Lesin, V.M., Nikolenko, S.I., Pham, S., Prjibelski, A.D., Pyshkin, A.V., Sirotkin, A.V., Vyahhi, N., Tesler, G., Alekseyev, M.A. & Pevzner, P.A. (2012) SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing. Journal of Computational Biology, 19 (5), 455–477. https://doi.org/10.1089/cmb.2012.0021
- Bethune-Baker, G.T. (1908) New Heterocera from British New Guinea. Novitates Zoologicae, 15, 175–243. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.15472
- Boisduval, J.B.A.D. de. (1829) Europaeorum Lepidopterorum index methodicus. Pars Prima, sistens genera Papilio, Sphinx, Bombyx et Noctua Lin 1 (1, 4). Méquignon-Marvis & Brussels, Crochard, Paris, pp. 5–103, 2–8 [errata et addenda].
- Butler, A.G. (1881) Description of new genera and species of heterocerous Lepidoptera from Japan. The Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 1881, 21–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1881.tb01529.x
- Cameron, S.L. (2023) Mitochondrial phylogenomics of the Australian scribbly gum moth Ogmograptis (Lepidoptera: Bucculatricidae) and an examination of deep-level relationships within Lepidoptera. Austral Entomology, 62 (4), 449–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12672
- Common, I.F.B. (1990) Moths of Australia. Melbourne university Press, Carlton, Victoria, 535 pp. [ISBN 0522843263]
- Dalla Torre, K.W.v & Strand, E. (1929) Lepidopterorum Catalogus, pars 34. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 211.
- Das, G.M. (1956) Psychidae (Lepidoptera) on tea in North-East India. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 9 (104), 569–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222935608655859
- De Prins, J., Hartley, D., Sruoga, V., Nicholls, J., Wallace, J. & Zwick, A. (2025) Diversity of Australian Ornixolinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with taxonomic and nomenclatural acts within the related taxa (Acrocercopinae and Gracillariinae) based on the evidence of museomics, bionomics, and mitogenomics. Zootaxa, 5616 (1), 1–340. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5616.1.1
- Dierl, W. (1966) Psychidae (Lep.) aus Nepal. Khumbu Himal Ergebnisse des Forschungsunternehmens Nepal Himalaya, 1 (4), 322–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-92914-4_8
- Dierl, W. (1968) Die Typusarten der palaearktischen Psychidae-Gattungen. Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen, 20 (1–3), 1–16.
- Dierl, W. (1972) Revision einiger afrikanischer Psychidae-Gattungen (Lep.). Mit einem provisorischen Verzeichnis der bekannten afrikanischen “Makropsychiden”. Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 61, 16–63.
- Donath, A., Jühling, F., Al-Arab, M., Bernhart, S.H., Reinhardt, F., Stadler, P.F., Middendorf, M. & Bernt, M. (2019) Improved annotation of protein-coding genes boundaries in metazoan mitochondrial genomes. Nucleic Acids Research, 47 (20), 10543–10552. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz833
- Firake, D.M., Behere, G.T., Arnscheid, W.R., Kumar, R. & Ngachan, S.V. (2018) First report of coconut case caterpillar, Mahasena corbetti Tams (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) from India. Phytoparasitica, 46, 355–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-018-0673-7
- Hampson, G.F. (1910) The moths of India. Supplementary paper to the volumes in “The fauna of British India.” Series IV. Part I. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 20 (1), 83–125.
- Hӓttenschwiler, P., Dewhurst, C., Nyaure, S. & Bonneau, L. (2013) New bagworms (Lepidoptera, Psychidae) from oil palm plantations in Papua New Guinea. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 86, 243–260.
- Herrich-Schäffer, G.A.W. (1855) n.k. In: Systematische Bearbeitung der Schmetterlinge von Europa zugleich als Text, Revision und Supplement zu Jakob Hübner’s Sammlung europäischer Schmetterlinge. Sechster und letzter Band. G.J. Manz, Regensburg, pp. 81–152. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.67734
- Jeong, J.S., Kim, M.J., Kim, S.S. & Kim, I. (2018) Complete mitochondrial genome of the female-wingless bagworm moth, Eumeta variegata Snellen, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Psychidae). Mitochondrial DNA, Part B, 3 (2), 1037–1039. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2018.1511851
- Kalyaanamoorthy, S., Minh, B., Wong, T., von Haeseler, A. & Jermiin, L.S. (2017) ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nature Methods, 14, 587–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285
- Kamarudin, N., Robinson, G. & Basri Wahid, M. (1994) Common bagworm pests of oil palm in Malaysia with notes on related South-east Asian species. Malayan Nature Journal, 48, 93–123.
- Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30 (4), 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
- Kumar, R. (2001) Insect pests of Agriculture in Papua New Guinea. Part 1. Principals and Practice. Pests of Tree Crops and Stored Products. Science in New Guinea, Waigani, 723 pp. [ISBN 9980-82-180-9]
- Lee, K.H., Kim, M.J., Wang, A.R., Park, J.S., Kim, S.S. & Kim, I. (2021) Complete mitochondrial genome of Acanthopsyche nigraplaga (Lepidoptera: Psychidae). Mitochondrial DNA, Part B, 6 (3), 1091–1093. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2021.1899876
- Lelana, N.E., Utami, S., Darmawan, U.W., Nuroniah, H.S., Darwo, Asmaliyah, Haneda, N.F., Arinana, Darwiati, W. & Anggraeni, I. (2022) Bagworms in Indonesian plantation forests: species composition, pest status, and factors that contribute to outbreaks. Diversity, 14 (471), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14060471
- Leong, T.M. & Lim, K.K.P. (2012) Record of the bagworm moth, Mahasena corbetti Tams in Singapore (Lepidoptera: Psychidae). Nature in Singapore, 5, 1–5.
- Li, P.W., Chen, S.C., Xu, Y.M., Wang, X.Q., Hu, X. & Peng, P. (2017) The complete mitochondrial genome of a tea bagworm, Mahasena colona (Lepidoptera: Psychidae). Mitochondrial DNA, Part B, 2 (2), 381–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2017.1347839
- Minh, B.Q., Schmidt, H.A., Chernomor, O., Schrempf, D., Woodhams, M.D., von Haeseler, A. & Lanfear, R. (2020) IQ-TREE 2: New Models and Efficient Methods for Phylogenetic Inference in the Genomic Era. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 37 (5), 1530–1534. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa015
- Moore, F. (1877) The Lepidopterous fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London, 1877, 580–632.
- Murgianto, F., Edyson, E., Setyawan, Y.P., Tamba, L.M., Ardiyanto, A. & Siregar, A.H. (2022) First report of an ice cream cone bagworm Manatha conglacia Haettenschwiler (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) in oil palm plantations of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Advances in Biological Sciences Research, 17, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220102.001
- Nahrung, H.F. & Carnegie, A.J. (2020) Non-native Forest Insects and Pathogens in Australia: Establishment, Spread, and Impact. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 3, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2020.00037
- Niitsu, S., Sugawara, H. & Hayashi, F. (2017) Evolution of female-specific wingless forms in bagworm moths. Evolution & Development, 19, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.12213
- Poorani, J., Anuradha, C., Kalleshwaraswamy, C.M. & Thanigairaj, R. (2021) Manatha albipes Moore (Lepidoptera: Psychidae), an emerging pest of banana and arecanut in South India, with notes on diagnosis, biology, natural enemies and DNA sequence data. Phytoparasitica, 50, 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-021-00942-8
- Rane, R., Walsh, T.K., Lenancker, P., Gock, A., Dao, T.H., Nguyen, V.L., Khin, T.N., Amalin, D., Chittarath, K., Faheem, M., Annamalai, S., Thanarajoo, S.S., Trisyono, Y.A., Khay, S., Kim, J., Kuniata, L., Powell, K., Kalyebi, A., Otim, M.H., Nam, K., d’Alençon, E, Gordon, K.H.J. & Tay, W.T. (2023) Complex multiple introductions drive fall armyworm invasions into Asia and Australia. Scientific Reports, 13 (660), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-27501-x
- Roh, S.J. & Byun, B.K. (2015) First Report of Larval Damage to Liriope spicata by Mahasena aurea (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) in Korea with a Redescription of External Morphology of the Larva and Adult. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 54 (3), 263–270.
- http://dx.doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2015.04.0.005
- Room, P.M. (1980) Insect fauna of oil palm in the Northern Province of Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea Agricultural Journal, 31 (1–4), 63–67.
- Şapcı, A.O.B., Rachtman, E. & Mirarab, S. (2024) CONSULT-II: accurate taxonomic identification and profiling using locality-sensitive hashing. Bioinformatics, 40 (4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btae150
- Sobczyk, T. (2011a) Psychidae (Lepidoptera). In: Nuss, M. (Ed.), World Catalogue of Insects. Vol. 10. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 467 pp.
- Sobczyk, T. (2011b) Die Psychidae (Lepidoptera) des Bismarck-Archipels gesammelt auf der Noona Dan Expedition 1961/62 aus dem Museum Kopenhagen mit einer Checkliste der Psychidae Papua Neuguineas. Entomologische Zeitschrift, 121 (6), 243–253.
- Sobczyk, T. (2020) Contribution to the knowledge of Oiketicinae from the Indo-Australian region with focus on New Guinea (Lepidoptera: Psychidae). Suara Serangga Papua (SUGAPA digital), 12 (1), 124–156. https://doi.org/10.19269/sugapa2020.12(2).03
- Sonan, J. (1935) Psychidae of Formosa. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Formosa, 25, 448–455.
- Sugimoto, M. & Saigusa, T. (2001) The systematic position, morphology and bionomics of Acanthopsyche (Eumetisa) taiwana Sonan, 1935, newly recorded from the Ryukyus, Japan (Lepidoptera: Psychidae). Entomological Science, 4 (4), 407–430.
- Sulaiman, N.M. & Talip, M.S.A. (2021) Sustainible control of bagworm (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) in oil palm plantation: a review paper. International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation, 11, 47–55.
- Tams, W.T.H. (1928) New species of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History). The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10, 1 (5), 624–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222932808672830
- Tutt, J.W. (1900) n.k. In: A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera. Vol. 2. S. Swan Sonnenschein & Co., London, pp. 102–434.
- Usha, U.A., Sobczyk, T., Roby, T.J. & Joyce, J. (2022) Threat assessment of Manatha albipes Moore (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) from Kerala, India using GIS with comments on its taxonomy, biology, distribution and host plants. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 42, 3133–3141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-022-00858-8
- Watt, G. (1898) The pests and blights of the tea plant; being a report of investigations conducted in Assam and to some extent also in Kangra. Office of the Superintendent, Government Printing, Calcutta, 467 pp.