Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2026-06-03
Page range: 559-570
Abstract views: 78
PDF downloaded: 3

Taxonomic research of a new species collected from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Anteholosticha lhasaensis sp. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Laboratory of Protozoans in Coastal Water Environments; School of Marine Sciences; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315800; China
Laboratory of Protozoans in Coastal Water Environments; School of Marine Sciences; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315800; China
Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Wetland and Watershed Ecosystem; School of Ecology and Environment; Xizang University; Lhasa 850000; China
Laboratory of Protozoans in Coastal Water Environments; School of Marine Sciences; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315800; China
Laboratory of Protozoans in Coastal Water Environments; School of Marine Sciences; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315800; China
Protist Hypotrichs phylogeny soil ciliates SSU rDNA sequence

Abstract

Anteholosticha lhasaensis sp. nov., a new soil ciliate isolated from the top 5 cm of soil in Lhasa, Tibet, China, is characterized by: body size in vivo 95–155 × 30–40 µm; 4–6 transverse cirri in J-shaped row; one pretransverse ventral cirrus located close to the right transverse cirrus; four dorsal kineties. Phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences place it within a moderately supported clade (ML/BI = 73%/0.99) with Wilbertophrya sinica; morphologically, however, it is distinct in possessing a buccal cirrus and pretransverse ventral cirrus. As in previous studies, Anteholosticha remains non-monophyletic; this taxon further underscores the genus’s urgent need for revision. The comprehensive morphological and molecular data herein expand documentation of the “Holosticha complex” and provide a critical high-altitude reference for future taxonomic studies.

References

  1. Asghar, U., Mukherjee, I., Sonntag, B., Pires de Paula, C.C., Kasalický, V., Bulzu, P., Singh, A.P., Shabarova, T., Piwosz, K. & Šimek, K. (2025) Morphological and molecular analyses of season-specific responses of freshwater ciliate communities to top-down and bottom-up experimental manipulations. mSystems, 10, e00304-25. https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00304-25
  2. Berger, H. (2003) Redefinition of Holosticha Wrzesniowski, 1877 (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). European Journal of Protistology, 39, 373–379. https://doi.org/10.1078/0932-4739-00006
  3. Berger, H. (2006) Monograph of the Urostyloidea (Ciliophora,Hypotricha). Monographiae Biologicae, 85, 1–1303. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5273-1
  4. Berger, H. (2008) Monograph of the Amphisiellidae and Trachelostylidae (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). Monographiae Biologicae, 88, 1–737. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8917-6
  5. Berger, H. (2011) Monograph of the Gonostomatidae and Kahliellidae (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). Monographiae Biologicae, 90, 1–741. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0455-8
  6. Chen, L.Y., Wu, W.N., El-Serehy, H.A., Hu, X.Z. & Clamp. J.C. (2018) Morphology, morphogenesis, and phylogeny of an Anteholosticha intermedia (Ciliophora, Urostylida) population from the United States. European Journal of Protistology, 65, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2018.04.003
  7. Chen, L.Y., Dong, J.Y., Wu, W.N., Xin, Y., Warren, A., Ning, Y.Z. & Zhao, Y. (2020) Morphology and molecular phylogeny of a new hypotrich ciliate, Anteholosticha songi nov. spec., and an American population of Holosticha pullaster (Müller, 1773) Foissner et al.,1991 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). European Journal of Protistology, 72, 125646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2019.125646
  8. Chi, Y., Wei, F., Tang, D.X., Mu, C.J., Ma, H.G., Wang, Z., Al-Rasheid, K.A.S., Hines, H.N. & Chen, X.R. (2024) Exploring the biogeography, morphology, and phylogeny of the condylostomatid ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Heterotrichea), with establishment of four new Condylostoma species and a revision including redescriptions of five species found in China. Marine Life Science & Technology, 6, 365–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-024-00223-3
  9. Fan, Y.B., Pan, Y., Huang, J., Lin, X.F., Hu, X.Z. & Warren, A. (2014) Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of two novel brackishwater hypotrich ciliates, with the establishment of a new genus, Antiokeronopsis gen. n. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 61, 449–462. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12125
  10. Fan, Y.B., Lu, X.T., Huang, J., Hu, X.Z. & Warren, A. (2016) Redescription of two little-known urostyloid ciliates, Anteholosticha randani (Grolière, 1975) Berger, 2003 and A. antecirrata Berger, 2006 (Ciliophora, Urostylida). European Journal of Protistology, 53, 96–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2016.01.001
  11. Foissner, W. (1982) Ecology and taxonomy of the hypotrichida (Protozoa: Ciliophora) of some Austrian soil. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 126, 19–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9365(82)80065-1
  12. Foissner, W. (2016) Terrestrial and semiterrestrial ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Venezuela and Galápagos. Denisia, 35, 1–912.
  13. Foissner, W., Agatha, S. & Berger, H. (2002) Soil ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Namibia (Southwest Africa), with emphasis on two contrasting environments, the Etosha region and the Namib desert. Part I: text and line drawings. Part II: photographs. Denisia, 5, 1–1459.
  14. Gao, F., Katz, L.A. & Song, W.B. (2012) Insights into the phylogenetic and taxonomy of philasterid ciliates (protozoa, Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia) based on analyses of multiple molecular markers. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 64, 308–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.04.008
  15. Gao, F., Bai, Y., Chi, Y., Feng, X.C., Lian, C.Y., Lu, B.R., Luo, X.T., Ma, M.Z., Wang, C.C., Wang, Y.R., Wang, Z., Zhang, G.A.T., Al-farraj, S.A., Warren, A. & Song, W.B. (2025) Current status of phylogenetic studies on ciliated protists (alveolata, protozoa, ciliophora) by the OUC-group: advances, challenges and future perspectives. Marine Life Science & Technology, 7, 643–668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-025-00326-5
  16. Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95–98. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajmr-3-2-1
  17. Han, H.F., Xue, X.J., Zhang, Z.S. & Shao, C. (2025) Morphology of a novel ciliate, Oxytricha chongqingica sp. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). ZooKeys, 1247, 137–149. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1247.155543
  18. Huang, J., Chen, Z.G., Song, W.B. & Berger, H. (2014) Three-gene based phylogeny of the Urostyloidea (Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotricha), with notes on classification of some core taxa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 70, 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.10.005
  19. Jerome, C.A., Lynn, D.H. & Simon, E.M. (1996) Description of Tetrahymena empidokyrea n. sp., a new species in the Tetrahymena pyriformis sibling species complex (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea), and an assessment of its phylogenetic position using small-subunit rRNA sequences. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74, 1898–1906. https://doi.org/10.1139/z96-214
  20. Jiang, Y.H., Chen, X., Wang, C.D., Lyu, L.P., Al-Farraj, S.A., Stover, N.A. & Gao, F. (2025) Genes and proteins expressed at different life cycle stages in the model protist Euplotes vannus revealed by both transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Science China Life Sciences, 68, 232–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-023-2605-9
  21. Jung, J.H., Omar, A., Kim, K.S., Kang, S.C., Kwak, D.Y., Sun, J.H. & Min, G.K. (2019) A study on the non-monophyletic genera Australasian and Holostichides based on multigene and morphological analyses with a reexamination of type materials (Protozoa: Ciliophora). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106538
  22. Jung, J.H., Omar, A., Park, M.H., Nguyen, T.V., Jung, Y.H., Yang, H.M. & Min, G.S. (2021) Anteholosticha foissneri n. sp. a marine hypotrich ciliate (Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) from Vietnam: morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny. European Journal of Protistology, 78, 125768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125768
  23. Kumar, S., Kamra, K. & Sapra, G.R. (2010) Ciliates of the Silent Valley National Park, India: Urostyloid hypotrichs of the region with a note on the habitat. Acta Protozoologica, 49, 339–364. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-11-2
  24. Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33, 1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054
  25. Li, L.Q., Song, W.B. & Hu, X.Z. (2007) Two marine hypotrichs from North China, with description of Spiroamphisiella hembergeri gen. nov., spec. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). Acta Protozoologica, 46, 107–120.
  26. Li, L.Q., Zhang, Q.Q., Hu, X.Z., Warren, A., Al-Rasheid, K.A.S., Al-Khedheiry, A.A. & Song, W.B. (2009) A redescription of the marine hypotrichous ciliate, Nothoholosticha fasciola (Kahl, 1932) nov. gen., nov. comb. (Ciliophora: Urostylida) with brief notes on its cellular reorganization and SS rRNA gene sequence. European Journal of Protistology, 45, 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2009.01.004
  27. Li, L.Q., Khan, S.N., Ji, D.D. & Shin, M.K. (2011) Morphology and SSU rRNA gene sequence of the new brackish water ciliate, Anteholosticha pseudomonilata n. sp. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida, Holostichidae) from Korea. Zootaxa, 2739 (1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2739.1.5
  28. Liao, L.J., Ghaffar, A. & Hu, X.Z. (2025) Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new brackish water ciliate, Heterodeviata longa nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). European Journal of Protistology, 98, 126138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2025.126138
  29. Liu, M.J., Jiang, L.M., Zhang, Z., Wei, F., Ma, H.G., Chen, Z.G., Al-Rasheid, K.A.S., Hines, H.N. & Wang, C.D. (2025) Linking multi‑gene and morphological data in the subclass Scuticociliatia (Protista, Ciliophora) with establishment of the new family Homalogastridae fam. nov. Marine Life Science & Technology, 7, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-024-00264-8
  30. Lynn, D.H. (2008) The ciliated protozoa. Characterization, classification and guide to the literature. 3rd Edition. Springer, Dordrecht, 605 pp.
  31. Ma, J.Y., Zhang, T.Y., Song, W.B. & Shao, C. (2021) New contributions to the diversity of hypotrichous ciliates: description of a new genus and two new species (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 712269. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.712269.
  32. Medlin, L., Elwood, H.J., Stickel, S. & Sogin, M.L. (1988) The characterization of enzymatically amplified eukaryotic 16S-like rRNA-coding regions. Gene, 71, 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(88)90066-2
  33. Nylander, J.A.A. (2004) MrModeltest ver. 2. Sweden: Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.
  34. Page, R.D.M. (1996) Treeview: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Bioinformatics, 12, 357–358. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/12.4.357
  35. Paiva, T.S. (2020) Systematic redefinition of the Hypotricha (Alveolata, Ciliophora) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular characters. Protist, 171, 125755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2020.125755
  36. Park, K.M., Jung, J.H. & Min, G.S. (2012) Redescription of two urostylid ciliates (Ciliophora: Urostylida), Anteholosticha pulchra and Metaurostylopsis struederkypkeae from Korea. Animal Systematics Evolution and Diversity, 28, 20–28. https://doi.org/10.5635/ASED.2012.28.1.020
  37. Park, K.M., Jung, J.H. & Min, G.S. (2013) Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of Anteholosticha multicirrata n. sp. (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea) with a note on morphogenesis of A. pulchra (Kahl, 1932) Berger, 2003. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 60, 564–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12060
  38. Penn, O., Privman, E., Ashkenazy, H., Landan, G., Graur, D. & Pupko, T. (2010) GUIDANCE: a web server for assessing alignment confidence scores. Nucleic Acids Research, 38, W23–W28. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq443
  39. Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180
  40. Shao, C., Gao, F., Hu, X.Z., Al-Rasheid, K.A. & Warren, A. (2011) Ontogenesis and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate, Anteholosticha petzi n. sp. (Ciliophora, Urostylida). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 58, 254–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00542.x
  41. Song, W.B. & Wilbert, N. (1997) Morphological investigation on some free living ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from China Sea with description of a new hypotrichous genus, Hemigastrostyla nov. gen. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 148, 413–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9365(97)80020-6
  42. Song, W.B., Warren, A. & Hu, X.Z. (2009) Free-Living Ciliates in the Bohai and Yellow Seas. Science Press, Beijing, 518 pp.
  43. Song, W.Y., Zhang, T.Y., Dong, J.Y., Luo, X.T., Bourland, W.A. & Wang, Y.R. (2021) Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of two new urostylid ciliates (Protozoa: Ciliophora) from Chinese wetlands and establishment of a new genus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 707954. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.707954
  44. Song, W.Y., Zhang, S.J., Li, Y.Q., Ma, H.G., Li, Q.Y., Luo, X.T., Al-Rasheid, K.A.S., Hines, H.N. & Lu, X.T. (2024) Multi-gene-based investigation on the molecular phylogeny of the hypotrichous family Strongylidiidae (Protista, Ciliophora), with notes on the ontogeny of a new genus and new species. Marine Life Science & Technology, 6, 442–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-024-00243-z
  45. Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics, 30, 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
  46. Wang, J.Y., Li, L.F., Warren, A. & Shao, C. (2017) Morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of the soil ciliate Rigidohymena quadrinucleata (Dragesco and Njine, 1971) Berger, 2011 (Ciliophora, Hypotricha, Oxytrichidae). European Journal of Protistology, 60, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2017.04.006
  47. Wilbert, N. (1975) Eine verbesserte Technik der Protargolimprägnation für Ciliaten. Mikrokosmos, 64, 171–179.
  48. Wu, T., Li, Y., Lu, B.R., Tang, D.X., Zhang, S.J., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Cao, X., Al-Farraj, S.A., Warren, A., Song, W.B. & Wang, Z. (2024) Morphology and molecular phylogeny of four epibiotic ciliates (Ciliophora, Peritrichia) from farmed red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii Girard, 1852, with notes on the geographic distributions of related taxa. Water Biology and Security, 3, 100292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watbs.2024.100292
  49. Xu, Y., Huang, J., Hu, X.Z., Al-Rasheid, K.A.S., Song, W.B. & Warren, A. (2011) Taxonomy, ontogeny and molecular phylogeny of Anteholosticha marimonilata spec. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida) from the Yellow Sea, China. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 61, 2000–2014. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.024638-0
  50. Zhao, X.L., Gao, S., Fan, Y.B., Strueder-Kypke, M. & Huang, J. (2015) Phylogenetic framework of the systematically confused Anteholosticha-Holosticha complex (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) based on multigene analysis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 91, 238–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.05.021
  51. Zhao, X.T., Jiang, Y.H., Huang, J., Luo, X.T., Liu, Y. & Chen, X.R. (2025) Morphology and molecular phylogeny of two soil species of Holostichides (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) collected from eastern China, including a new species and a new subspecies. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 72, e70001. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.70001

How to Cite

Zhai, L., Zhao, X., Ba, S., Ma, M. & Chen, X. (2026) Taxonomic research of a new species collected from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Anteholosticha lhasaensis sp. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Zootaxa, 5821 (4), 559–570. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5821.4.8